MY BROCHURE

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CURTAIN WALL

CURTAIN WALL

Curtain wall is a term used to describe a building façade which does not carry any dead load from the building other than its own dead load. These loads are transferred to the main building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration, wind forces acting on the building, seismic forces, and its own dead load forces.

Curtain walls are typically designed with extruded aluminium members, although the first curtain walls were made of steel. The aluminium frame is typically infilled with glass, which provides an architecturally pleasing building, as well as benefits such as daylighting . However, parameters related to solar gain control, such as thermal comfort and visual comfort are more difficult to control when using highly-glazed curtain walls. Other common infills include: stone veneer, metal panels, louvers, and operable windows or vents.

Curtain walls differ from storefront systems in that they are designed to span multiple floors, and take into consideration design requirements such as: thermal expansion and contraction; building sway and movement; water diversion; and thermal efficiency for cost-effective heating, cooling, and lighting in the building.

PRECAST CONCRETE

Precast concrete is an ancient type of construction material made with concrete cast in a reusable mold or "form" and cured in a controlled environment, then transported to the construction site and lifted into place. In contrast, standard concrete is poured-in-place in large forms and cured on site. Precast "stone" is distinguished from precast concrete by using a fine aggregate in the mixture so the final product approaches the appearance of naturally occurring rock or stone.

Ancient Roman builders made use of concrete and soon poured the material into molds to build their complex network of aqueducts, culverts and tunnels. Modern uses for precast technology include a variety of architectural applications including free-standing walls used for landscaping, soundproofing and security walls. Precast architectural panels are also used to clad all or part of a building facade.

Stormwater drainage, water and sewage pipes and tunnels make use of precast concrete units. The advantages of using precast concrete is the increased quality of the material, when formed in controlled conditions, and the reduced cost of constructing large forms used with poured-in-place concrete.

There are many different types of precast concrete forming systems for architectural applications, differing in size, function and cost.

CONCRETE

Concrete is a construction material that consists of cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel limestone or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand and water) and chemical admixtures. Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration.The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a stone-like material. It is used to make pavements, architectural structures, foundations, motorways/roads, overpasses, parking structures, brick/block walls and footings for gates, fences and poles. More concrete is used than any other man-made material on the planet.[1] As of 2006 about seven billion cubic meters of concrete are made each year – more than one cubic meter for every person on Earth.[2] Concrete powers a US$35 billion industry which employs more than two million workers in the United States alone. More than 55,000 miles of freeways and highways in America are made of this material. The People's Republic of China currently consumes 40% of the world's cement [concrete] produc

Composition

There are many types of concrete available by varying the proportions of the main ingredients below.

The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete will be mixed and delivered, and how it will be placed to form this structure.

Cement

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. English engineer Joseph Aspdin patented Portland cement in 1824; it was named because of its similarity in colour to Portland limestone, quarried from the English Isle of Portland and used extensively in London architecture. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminium. Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone (a source of calcium) with clay, and grinding this product (called clinker) with a source of sulfate (most commonly gypsum).

High temperature applications, such as masonry ovens and the like, generally require the use of a refractory cement; concretes based on Portland cement can be damaged or destroyed by elevated temperatures, but refractory concretes are better able to withstand such conditions.

Water

Combined with a cementitious material, this forms a cement paste. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids between it, and allows it to flow more easily.

Less water in the cement paste will yield a stronger more durable concrete, more water will give an easier flowing concrete with a higher slump.[4]

Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems, either when setting, or later on.

Aggregates

Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Sand, natural gravel and crushed stone are mainly used for this purpose. Recycled aggregates (from construction, demolition and excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial replacements of natural aggregates, while a number of manufactured aggregates, including air-cooled blast furnace slag and bottom ash are also permitted.

Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river stones or crushed glass are sometimes added to the surface of concrete for a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish, popular among landscape designers.

Reinforcement

Concrete is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the cement holding the aggregate in place can snap, allowing the structure to fail. Reinforced concrete solves these problems by adding metal reinforcing bars, glassfiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.

slump test

CONCRETE SLUMP TEST

Testing the slump of the concrete that arrives on your job site is the only way you can assure that the concrete you ordered is the concrete you received, and that it is ready to place through the pump. Accordingly, we recommend that you slump test every truck that arrives on the job site and notify your supplier that you will be doing so. This practice will go a long way towards ensuring that your project is successful.

Slump Test Procedures

PURPSTOSE OF TEST: To determine the consistency of fresh concrete and to check its uniformity from batch to batch.This test is based on ASTM C 143-74: Standard Test Method for Slump of Portland Cement Concrete. Also refer to ASTM172-71 Standard Method Sampling Fresh Concrete.

Take two or more representative samples—at regularly spaced intervals—from the middle of the mixer discharge; donot take samples from beginning or end of discharge. Obtain samples within 15 minutes or less.

Important: Slump test must be made within 5 minutes after taking samples.

Combine samples in a wheelbarrow or appropriate container and remix before making test.

Dampen slump cone with water and place it on a flat, level, smooth, moist, nonabsorbent, firm surface.

*Pearce can provide concrete in various slump ranges, depending on strength and workability needs. Ideal slump is in the 4-6" range. The slump test must be performed within 2 1/2 minutes after obtaining the composite sample.

Technician begins to fill mold in three equal layers.



Each layer is rodded 25 times to settle the concrete, before the next layer is added.

Full mold is ready to be pulled off to measure slump.



Technician must pull mold off within 3-7 seconds for accurate test, per ASTM standards.

Partial mix being revealed by removal of mold.

Full concrete mix now ready for measurement.




This mix shows an ideal slump of around 4.5" measured to the displaced center of the top surface of concrete.